dark forces

Astronomers have experimentally proved that we live in a world about which we do not know anything at. For these discoveries are now given the Nobel Prize.
Only the fourth time in the history of the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to reward astronomers. American scientists Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess and Brian Schmidt, an Australian phenomenon discovered accelerating expansion of the universe, and the first to appreciate the role of a grand mysterious dark energy that can neither touch nor see. The outstanding scientific achievements of the current trio of winners not in doubt: for this is the opening of two of them were awarded five years ago, Shao Yifu prestigious award, which is often referred to as the ... In autumn 1998, published in the Astronomical Journal article about the ... Moreover, the authors were so impressed with the results that have been searching for an error in the calculations. Soon after the article was recognized as the most important scientific publication of the year - it has forced to radically revise prevailing cosmological views.

vast ocean.



To learn more about the properties of our universe, the future winners of the 1998 used in the Hubble Space Telescope, with which one can observe the most distant objects. They used a method based on registration of flares of distant supernovae. In the observations determined the apparent brightness of the star, which was calculated by the distance separating it from the earth, and the red shift of spectral lines, which allows to calculate the rate at which a star moves away from us. Comparison of the results of measurements allowed to make a surprising conclusion: the farther away a star is, the higher its rate of ... This means that the universe expands with acceleration, and not a slowdown, as previously thought. At the same time, from classical mechanics that the rapid divergence of the universe is possible only when the stars and galaxies are a force opposing gravity - antigravity. It would seem that this can not be. After all, there's nothing around, except for the vacuum, and he, like we used to take at school, there is a void. It turns out that this is not so. The vacuum of space contains energy, and therefore, we can calculate its value. It did Nobel laureates. In terms of conventionally infinite dimensions of the universe, this negative value becomes truly a grand scale. In other words, the vacuum of space, which we thought ... Scientists do not know what it is, but many speak of it as a kind of dark energy. Today, various theoretical models are developed that allow to unravel its nature, but they are far from complete, and some have gone away - however, while expanding the overall picture of the world. For example, even before the discovery of anti-gravity in cosmology has been made a fundamental discovery - the phenomenon of so-called hidden mass, which is often confused with dark energy.

Many galaxies are satellites of the giant - smaller galaxies. There are and have our own galaxy. They are called the Magellanic clouds. In accordance with the law of Kepler with increasing distance from the center of the galaxy core rate of ... But the measurement of the velocity shows that it does not happen, they remain constant. And astronomers have suggested that in the Galaxy, except for the visible stars, there are other gravitating mass, distributed around the center of the galactic disk. These masses and called hidden until recently it was assumed that once they are off, then find they can not be. Later it was found that dark matter can be observed, and by optical methods. ... Max Planck (Germany), Academician Rashid Sunyaev. - Her rays under the influence of gravitational effects of dark matter will be distorted. As a result, the Earth observer will see not one but two identical galaxies and finds that triggered the effect of ...

The phenomenon of hidden mass observed in other galaxies to form around a nucleus of a very extended spherical corona. According to recent figures, the spherical corona of our Galaxy extends from its drive to 650,000 light-years. To balance the movement of stars and galaxies, satellites, in the corona must be concentrated mass, far exceeding the mass of visible stars. What is the ...

One way or another, but the astronomers were able to calculate the average density of dark matter in the Universe. The average density of luminous stars, as well as the vacuum energy density, is known. If we express the relation of these figures as a percentage, it is easy to see that most of the energy world - 67 percent ( other estimates, 75 per cent) - account for the cosmic vacuum or dark energy. On the hidden mass, gravity reveal themselves - 30 percent, while ordinary matter, all the stars, planets and our world with you - just 3 percent. Indeed, we have every reason to call our universe unknown!.



What would that be?.



The discovery of cosmic vacuum antigravity sheds light on the past and the future of the Universe. Scientists now believe that after the Big Bang the universe expanded very rapidly, and then the process was gradually slowed down. After the mass, which has the matter in the universe, or rather, her characteristic gravity, would be to gradually slow the expansion of the Universe. Now, when open anti-gravity, it became clear how mistaken Astrophysics, thinking that the slowdown continues. ... - Only when the universe expanded enough, the vacuum began to gain momentum. Started accelerating, which continues today ...

What will happen next? . But once the vacuum is constant, then the properties of space- time, which it defines must also be invariant. A world dominated by the vacuum in interstellar scales must obey Euclidean geometry and to be constant over time. Consequently, the evolution of the world gradually fades, its spatial-temporal framework, against which the cosmological expansion continues, it becomes more and more static. What then? . So believe proponents of the ... And, therefore, is a giant perpetual motion machine. But what mechanisms trigger the process and support it in the same state? . At the same time, proponents of ...



The spring of life.



In 2009 the Institute of Space Research Institute and Harvard -Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics USA Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Alexey Vikhlinin decided to take a look at this problem from another angle. ... - It turns out that if the period of youth active galaxy universe was added to the weight, approximately five billion years ago, began to actively ... Since then, the masses do not grow ...

Vikhlinin group managed to bring some clarity in an absolutely dark matter of the nature of the mysterious energy. Scientists have described a number of its properties, the physical meaning of which can be compared with the spring stiffness: it is so hard dark energy pushes galaxies. ... - If she is, as we now see, that is close to minus one, the dark energy can not pull apart are in the neighborhood of the galaxy, such as our Milky Way and Andromeda. Under the influence of gravitational forces, they eventually merge, that it is now observed. But at large distances, dark energy will prevail, and galaxies in the end uplyvut beyond the horizon of our world. This means that in the future will be a descendant of the great Milky Way and Andromeda, around which there will be nothing ...
What will happen to own the universe, if the ... - Which scenario would be more plausible, should show the next experiments ...

To understand the progress of the scientists hope, and with the help of the Russian-German orbital astrophysical observatory ... ... - It is expected that as a result of the Observatory will be found about 100 000 new galaxy clusters and more than 3 million new active galactic nuclei, in the center of which are presumably supermassive black holes ...

What mankind from this knowledge? . Scientists estimate that over the next 20 years, they will learn the physical characteristics of dark energy and time to learn how to use it to solve the energy problems of mankind. This will be the new black gold - only, unlike oil, inexhaustible.


Discuss.